Jewish Societies Essays - Semitic Peoples, Napoleon, Jews

Jewish Societies Until the late 18th century, The Jewish societies all over the world were treated unfairly. Hatred and discrimination were used against because of their religious practices. Jews who live in predominately Christian or Muslim territories were forced to covert to the religion of that area. If Jews did not obey their, then they we either ordered to leave or they would be persecuted. Before the French Revolution, Jewish, culture and beliefs were not accepted in most European nations. Jews did not even have rights and were not treated equal. The French Revolution was one that had a great effect on Jews, because over a period of time Jews who resided in France were treated as equals, and gained rights and freedoms. Like many other European nation, it was hard to accept Jew as equal citizens. In the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizen," extended rights to every Frenchmen except Jews in 1789. It took until 1791 to consider Jews as Frenchmen. This caused many fellow countrymen to raise questions such as, "are all Jews considered equal?" or "are Jews allow to marry Christian or other fellow Frenchmen?" Napoleon answered these questions by stating that as long as Jewish religion and practices do not interfere with their government or state life, that they were free to act as any French citizen would. Jews were allowed to study their religion and to integrate into society instead of being excluded. Even though they gain citizenship and freedom, Jews were also restricted to do certain things. In the "Infamous Decree", Napoleon put many restrictions on a predominately Jewish business, money lending. Napoleon used this as a political advantage. It seemed that imposed these restriction as a way to compromise with French society, and given them an upper hand, instead of leaving them in debt to Jews. The French Revolution had a great effect on Jewish life. It did not grant the Jewish society as whole freedom, but gave Jewish individual's citizenship in France. Prior to the French Revolution, many Jews were being sent away or persecuted. France allowed them to be apart of a nation instead of being that nation problem. Like any group of diverse people, I think that Jews had mixed feeling on Napoleon. The Majority of Jews in France appreciated him for granting them freedom and citizenship. There were many others who wanted a little bit more than what he had offered such a Jews with political influence. Overall, the Jews needed Neapolitan, and that they need him. They needed protection, citizenship, and to be included into a society, which would, let them practice their faith. He wanted a bigger and stronger French nation.

Ideal Gas vs. Non-Ideal Gas Example Problem

Ideal Gas vs. Non Problem This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the pressure of a gas system using the ideal gas law and the van der Waals equation. It also demonstrates the difference between an ideal gas and a non-ideal gas. Van der Waals EquationProblem Calculate the pressure exerted by 0.3000 mol of helium in a 0.2000 L container at -25  °C usinga. ideal gas lawb. van der Waals equationWhat is the difference between the non-ideal and ideal gases?Given:aHe 0.0341 atm ·L2/mol2bHe 0.0237 L ·mol How to Solve the Problem Part 1: Ideal Gas LawThe ideal gas law is expressed by the formula:PV nRTwhereP pressureV volumen number of moles of gasR ideal gas constant 0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·KT absolute temperatureFind absolute temperatureT  °C 273.15T -25 273.15T 248.15 KFind the pressurePV nRTP nRT/VP (0.3000 mol)(0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·K)(248.15)/0.2000 LPideal 30.55 atmPart 2: Van der Waals EquationVan der Waals equation is expressed by the formulaP a(n/V)2 nRT/(V-nb)whereP pressureV volumen number of moles of gasa attraction between individual gas particlesb average volume of individual gas particlesR ideal gas constant 0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·KT absolute temperatureSolve for pressureP nRT/(V-nb) - a(n/V)2To make the math easier to follow, the equation will be broken into two parts whereP X - YwhereX nRT/(V-nb)Y a(n/V)2X P nRT/(V-nb)X (0.3000 mol)(0.08206 L ·atm/mol ·K)(248.15)/[0.2000 L - (0.3000 mol)(0.0237 L/mol)]X 6.109 L ·atm/(0.2000 L - .007 L)X 6.109 L ·atm/0.19 LX 32.152 atmY a(n/V)2Y 0.0341 atm ·L2/mol2 x [0.3000 mol/0.2000 L]2Y 0.0341 atm ·L2/mol2 x (1.5 mol/L)2Y 0.0341 atm ·L2/mol2 x 2.25 mol2/L2Y 0.077 atmRecombine to find pressureP X - YP 32.152 atm - 0.077 atmPnon-ideal 32.075 atmPart 3 - Find the difference between ideal and non-ideal conditionsPnon-ideal - Pideal 32.152 atm - 30.55 atmPnon-ideal - Pideal 1.602 atmAnswer:The pressure for the ideal gas is 30.55 atm and the pressure for van der Waals equation of the non-ideal gas was 32.152 atm. The non-ideal gas had a greater pressure by 1.602 atm. Ideal vs Non-Ideal Gases An ideal gas is one in which the molecules dont interact with each other and dont take up any space. In an ideal world, collisions between gas molecules are completely elastic. All gases in the real world have molecules with diameters and which interact with each other, so theres always a bit of error involved in using any form of the Ideal Gas Law and van der Waals equation. However, noble gases act much like ideal gases because they dont participate in chemical reactions with other gases. Helium, in particular, acts like an ideal gas because each atom is so tiny. Other gases behave much like ideal gases when they are at low pressures and temperatures. Low pressure means few interactions between gas molecules occur. Low temperature means the gas molecules have less kinetic energy, so they dont move around as much to interact with each other or their container.